A Comment on Comments

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This is meant as a comment on comments to my last post. I bring it forward here, and offer it as a post, because I keep having the feeling that I am being misunderstood. Perhaps this will clarify, and if it does not, perhaps someone will be able to suggest another way of approaching the issues I address here.

I’m obviously not making myself clear, or I am being consistently misunderstood. Let’s start with “substitution.” I do not suggest that we need a substitute for religion. Indeed, humanism is not a “substitute” for religion, but a better way of dealing with some of the things that religion has dealt with. But humanism is not simply a matter of knowing facts. It is, as Grayling says so eloquently, something which includes, not only factual knowledge about the world, but also ”an outlook of great beauty and depth, premised on kindness and common sense, drawing its principles from a conversation about the good whose roots lie in the philo­sophical debates of classical antiquity, continually enriched by the insights and experience of thinkers, poets, historians and scientists ever since.” We certainly do not want to return to the blindnesses of religion which are uncommonly persistent, but that does not mean that we cannot, or that we should not, learn what we can from it. In doing so, however, we do not need to take religion au pied de la lettre. Take guilt, for instance. I said nothing at all about original sin, nor did I mean to allude to it. When I say that some guilt clings to us like a shroud, I mean that some of the things that we do seem to us simply unforgivable, and have a tendency to blight the remainder of our lives. I have seen examples of this not in any way associated with religious notions of primary guilt. That religions have sought and found ways to defuse such guilt is not a shabby lesson to learn from them. We do not at the same time need to take on board the unsatisfactory guilt-mongering upon which so much religion is based.

I have the sense that whenever I speak about religion at all, I am suspected of wanting to return things to the status quo ante, before the criticism of religion has done its work, and of course I do not want to do any such thing. So, a lot of the criticism above completely misses its mark. So when Gordon Willis says: “Religion is just a human story — that is, just a story. We need more than stories to help us grow.” Well, yes, of course we do, but that does not mean that we do not need stories, nor that stories have much to contribute to the shaping of a life. It is not necessarily all or nothing. Whatever we can mine that can contribute to human good, we should do so. That will mean taking things out of context, of course, for we do not want to retain religion. We are well rid of that. It cannot provide the transcendence that it promises — yes, this is indeed true. But that does not mean that it can provide no sense of transcendence at all, and that we cannot, as secular people, make use of such things to our own purpose. But to suppose that these things will simply happen, as some think, is probably a bit of wishful thinking. If we want to destroy religion, we will not do so without something which performs some of the functions of religion. Anderson Thompson shows so clearly how contemporary science of religion is close to understanding the sources of religion’s power over the mind, and the mechanisms by which it exercises this power. If we want to neutralise this, we will have to engage these aspects of the human. We have, for instance, in modern cosmology, a new “creation story,” as it were, and we should not be slow to adopt it as part of our narrative. We can also tell the story of our evolutionary development, along with the development of other life, and the respects in which humans differ from other forms of life on this planet. To suppose that these stories do not have the kinds of power that religious narratives do is simply to abandon our forward positions without a fight.

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Getting Things Into Perspective

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At the moment I am engaged in such a whirlwind of reading and pondering that I have scant time to put my opinions out into the public eye. Indeed, I feel unprepared to do so, or to argue for positions that I hold only very tentatively. Yet, it seems to me, some of the things I am thinking about are very important, and need to be considered seriously. I am thinking at the moment, in particular, about what is often called scientism, the view that scientific knowledge, and scientific ways of knowing are all-encompassing and exhaustive of the entire scope of human knowledge. Often used in this connexion is the term that I have just used – ”ways of knowing” – and the scientistic position is frequently expressed in terms that suggest that there is only one “way of knowing” and that science is that “way.”

I have, to start with, to say that I do not find this language useful, for it either includes too much or too little. For instance, when I suggest that there are other ways of knowing, and use history as an example, it is commonly objected that historical knowledge is, in the requisite sense, scientific, since it depends upon evidence, and may even make predictions as to what we will find in the public record or in archaeological digs. For several reasons this does not seem satisfactory to me, since it is clear that our historical understanding of events changes over time. Gibbon’s history of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, for example, with its wealth of often reliable detail, is also quite clearly a product of its time. No one, while they might use and even confirm much of the factual material that is contained in Gibbon’s volumes, would write a history of the fall of Rome in quite the way that Gibbon does, with his particular social and political emphases. Histories of the First World War often, according to Hew Strachan’s The First World War, by failing to take into consideration the time and circumstances in which the Great War took place, also fail to understand why, at the time, this was considered to be, not an absurd and monstrous waste of life, but of the first importance for the future of civilisation; and he points out the paradox that results from this assessment of the Great War’s meaninglessness:

This is of course the biggest paradox in our understanding of the war. On the one hand it was an unnecessary war fought in a manner that defied common sense, but on the other it was the war that shaped the world in which we live. [xvii]

It is important to note that whether we look at the world in one way rather than another does not obviously depend on the factual evidence that can be brought to bear on the question of the correct interpretation or understanding of the events in question.

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Is there a liberal Christian theism? Conclusion

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Don Cupitt Atheist PriestThe short answer to the question, of course, is that there is. No one can reasonably deny it. There are liberal Christian theists. There are even liberal Christian atheists, though most of them do not put it quite so bluntly. For example, Don Cupitt, and the Sea of Faith movement in England, New Zealand and Australia, speak in terms of a “non-realist” theology. That is, the theological words used by Sea of Faith members are a bit like mathematical symbols. They do not have a referring function; that is, they do not denote anything real. They are words that are used in a traditional cultural narrative which carry along with them historical associations with a time when the words were really thought to refer to actual beings “out there” in reality, but are now seen as cultural symbols used as organising principles of a way of life. And that way of life can be as rich as the old, realist Christianity of the past. The only difference is that the language is no longer taken to be about anything other than the cultural activities in which it is embedded.

This, of course, does not convince everyone, and the position is not widely adopted. For instance, Anthony Freeman, an Anglican priest, and member of the Sea of Faith movement in England, published, in 1993, a book entitled God in Us. He was then a priest in the Diocese of Chichester, was even involved in the training of clergy, and was promptly cashiered by his bishop, Eric Kemp. (There is a BBC account of Freeman’s travails here.) It is worthwhile quoting a few words from Freeman’s book here to give you the flavour of non-realist “theology”:

I return finally to the questions with which we began: ‘Do you believe in God? Are you not an atheist?’ The answer is, ‘Yes, I do believe in God, and one of the things I believe about God is that he does not exist.’ This is not just my being clever. A very important point is being made. Our view of religion as a human creation — let us call it Christian humanism — still stands firmly in the Christian tradition, and sees itself as a legitimate heir to the New Testament. We still find value in the Christian vocabulary, including the word God, and in the Christian stories, especially those of Jesus. A secular humanist, an atheist, has no place for such things. That does not mean that for us it is simply, ‘business as usual’. If we are to take seriously the non-supernatural form of Christianity which I am commending, then the emphasis of religion shifts from heaven to earth, from the next world to this one, and from dogma to spirituality and ethics. But religion still has an important place in human life. [28-29]

This puts the idea of a non-realist Christianity in a nutshell. You may think that it is not very surprising that Freeman’s bishop should have given him his pink slip, but as you think this, you might also wonder what people are going to do with the rich cultural heritage that the religions bequeath to their contemporary followers. Or, perhaps, most important, what are they going to do without it?

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